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1.
The brain contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, and many more supporting cells, or ganglia.
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3.
Every time a person learns something new, whether it is conscious or unconscious, that experience alters the structure of the brain.
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4.
The manifestations of mental disorders vary with age, gender, race, and culture.
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5.
Anxiety has evolved as a vitally important physiological response to dangerous situations that prepares one to evade or confront a threat in the environment.
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6.
Disturbances of perception and thought process fall into a broad category of symptoms referred to as psychosis.
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7.
Hallucinations are said to occur when an individual experiences a sensory impression that has no basis in reality.
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8.
Hallucinations may be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, kinesthetic, tactile, or visual.
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9.
Auditory hallucinations frequently involve the impression that one is hearing a voice.
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10.
A delusion is a false belief that an individual holds despite evidence to the contrary.
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11.
Hallucinations and delusions are among the least commonly observed psychotic symptoms.
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12.
Blunting of affect refers to a general reduction in the ability to express emotion.
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13.
Anhedonia reflects a deficit in the ability to experience pleasure and to react appropriately to pleasurable situations.
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14.
Disturbances of mood characteristically manifest themselves as a sustained feeling of sadness or sustained elevation of mood.
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15.
Cognitive function refers to the general ability to organize, process, and recall information.
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16.
Progressive deterioration of cognitive function is referred to as dementia.
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17.
The precise causes of most mental disorders is known.
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18.
Twin studies often compare the frequency with which identical versus fraternal twins display a disorder.
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19.
Freud’s structural model of personality divides the personality into three parts, the id, the ego, and the superego.
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20.
Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or attenuated, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences.
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21.
Mental disorders are not treatable
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22.
The placebo effect refers to the powerful role of patients’ attitudes and perceptions that help them improve and recover from health problems.
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23.
It is not unusual for a placebo effect to be found in up to 50 percent of patients in any study of a medical treatment.
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24.
Most people with mental disorders seek treatment.
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25.
Culturally rooted traditions of religious beliefs and practices carry important consequences for willingness to seek mental health services.
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26.
There is mounting awareness that ethnic and cultural influences can alter an individual’s responses to medications.
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